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<p><b>Slab pull</b> is a <a href="Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysical</a> mechanism whereby the cooling and subsequent densifying of a <a href="Subduction" title="Subduction">subducting</a> <a href="Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">tectonic plate</a> produces a downward force along the rest of the plate. In 1975 Forsyth and Uyeda used the <a href="Inverse_problem" title="Inverse problem">inverse theory</a> method to show that, of the many forces likely to be driving plate motion, slab pull was the strongest.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plate motion is partly driven by the weight of cold, dense plates sinking into the <a href="Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> at <a href="Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">oceanic trenches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This force and <a href="Slab_suction_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Slab suction force">slab suction</a> account for almost all of the force driving <a href="Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>. The <a href="Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">ridge push</a> at rifts contributes only 5 to 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Carlson et al. (1983)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Lallemand et al. (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined the <a href="Slab_(geology)" title="Slab (geology)">slab</a> pull force as:

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{sp}=K\times \Delta \rho \times L\times {\sqrt {A}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./5f81ecbf3936355b93dd170dfbaa4a0eb1e466d2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:25.41ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{sp}=K\times \Delta \rho \times L\times {\sqrt {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>Where:

</p>

<dl><dd><i>K</i> is <span class="texhtml">4.2<var>g</var></span> (gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s<sup>2</sup>) according to McNutt (1984);<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>

<dd><i>Δρ</i> = 80 kg/m<sup>3</sup> is the mean density difference between the slab and the surrounding asthenosphere;</dd>

<dd><i>L</i> is the slab length calculated only for the part above 670 km (the upper/lower mantle boundary);</dd>

<dd><i>A</i> is the slab age in <a href="Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">Ma</a> at the trench.</dd></dl>

<p>The slab pull force manifests itself between two extreme forms:

</p>

<ul><li>The aseismic <a href="Back-arc_basin" title="Back-arc basin">back-arc</a> <a href="Extension_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (geology)">extension</a> as in the <a href="Izu%E2%80%93Bonin%E2%80%93Mariana_Arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc">Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc</a>.</li>

<li>And as the <a href="Aleutian_Arc" title="Aleutian Arc">Aleutian</a> and <a href="List_of_earthquakes_in_Chile" title="List of earthquakes in Chile">Chile</a> tectonics with strong earthquakes and back-arc <a href="Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">thrusting</a>.</li></ul>

<p>Between these two examples there is the evolution of the <a href="Farallon_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Farallon Plate">Farallon Plate</a>: from the huge slab width with the <a href="Nevada_orogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevada orogeny">Nevada</a>, the <a href="Sevier_orogeny" title="Sevier orogeny">Sevier</a> and <a href="Laramide_orogeny" title="Laramide orogeny">Laramide orogenies</a>; the <a href="Mid-Tertiary_ignimbrite_flare-up" title="Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up">Mid-Tertiary ignimbrite flare-up</a> and later left as <a href="Juan_de_Fuca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan de Fuca Plate">Juan de Fuca</a> and <a href="Cocos_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos</a> plates, the <a href="Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a> under extension, with <a href="Slab_detachment" title="Slab detachment">slab break off</a>, smaller slab width, more edges and <a href="Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> return flow.

</p><p>Some early models of <a href="Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> envisioned the plates riding on top of convection cells like <a href="Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belts</a>. However, most scientists working today believe that the <a href="Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a> does not directly cause motion by the <a href="Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> of such basal forces. The <a href="North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a> is nowhere being <a href="Subduction" title="Subduction">subducted</a>, yet it is in motion, and likewise for the <a href="African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African</a>, <a href="Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian</a> and <a href="Antarctic_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Plate">Antarctic Plates</a>. Ridge push is thought responsible for the motion of these plates.

</p><p>The subducting slabs around the <a href="Pacific_Ring_of_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Ring of Fire">Pacific Ring of Fire</a> cool down the Earth and its <a href="Core-mantle_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Core-mantle boundary">core-mantle boundary</a>. Around the African Plate upwelling mantle plumes from the core-mantle boundary produce <a href="Rifting_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifting (geology)">rifting</a> including the <a href="African_Rift_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="African Rift Valley">African</a> and <a href="Ethiopian_Rift_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Rift Valley">Ethiopian</a> rift valleys.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFForsythUyeda1975" class="citation journal cs1">Forsyth, Donald; Uyeda, Seiya (1975-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.1975.tb00631.x">"On the Relative Importance of the Driving Forces of Plate Motion"</a>. <i>Geophysical Journal International</i>. <b>43</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">163–</span>200. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975GeoJ...43..163F">1975GeoJ...43..163F</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.1975.tb00631.x">10.1111/j.1365-246X.1975.tb00631.x</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-540X">0956-540X</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFConradLithgow-Bertelloni2002" class="citation journal cs1">Conrad, Clinton P.; <a href="Carolina_Lithgow-Bertelloni" title="Carolina Lithgow-Bertelloni">Lithgow-Bertelloni, Carolina</a> (2002-10-04). "How Mantle Slabs Drive Plate Tectonics". <i>Science</i>. <b>298</b> (5591): <span class="nowrap">207–</span>209. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...298..207C">2002Sci...298..207C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1074161">10.1126/science.1074161</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12364804">12364804</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36766442">36766442</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711084813/http://powerpoints.geology-guy.com/pipkin/pipkin_chapter3.pdf">"Plate tectonics, based on 'Geology and the Environment', 5 ed; 'Earth', 9 ed"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://powerpoints.geology-guy.com/pipkin/pipkin_chapter3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 11, 2011.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conrad CP, <a href="Carolina_Lithgow-Bertelloni" title="Carolina Lithgow-Bertelloni">Lithgow-Bertelloni C</a> (2004)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsonHildeUyeda1983" class="citation journal cs1">Carlson, R. L.; Hilde, T. W. C.; Uyeda, S. (1983). "The driving mechanism of plate tectonics: Relation to age of the lithosphere at trenches". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">297–</span>300. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983GeoRL..10..297C">1983GeoRL..10..297C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FGL010i004p00297">10.1029/GL010i004p00297</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLallemandArnauldBoutelier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Lallemand, Serge; Arnauld; Boutelier, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01261567/file/lallemandG32005.pdf">"On the relationships between slab dip, back-arc stress, upper plate absolute motion, and crustal nature in subduction zones: SUBDUCTION ZONE DYNAMICS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</i>. <b>6</b> (9): n/a. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GGG.....6.9006L">2005GGG.....6.9006L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GC000917">10.1029/2005GC000917</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcNutt1984" class="citation journal cs1">McNutt, Marcia K. (1984-12-10). "Lithospheric flexure and thermal anomalies". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</i>. <b>89</b> (B13): <span class="nowrap">11180–</span>11194. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984JGR....8911180M">1984JGR....8911180M</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FJB089iB13p11180">10.1029/JB089iB13p11180</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFSchellartStegmanFarringtonFreeman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schellart, W. P.; Stegman, D. R.; Farrington, R. J.; Freeman, J.; Moresi, L. (16 July 2010). "Cenozoic Tectonics of Western North America Controlled by Evolving Width of Farallon Slab". <i>Science</i>. <b>329</b> (5989): <span class="nowrap">316–</span>319. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...329..316S">2010Sci...329..316S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1190366">10.1126/science.1190366</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20647465">20647465</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12044269">12044269</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/07/100716125841.htm">"Breakthrough Achieved in Explaining Why Tectonic Plates Move the Way They Do"</a>. ScienceDaily. 17 July 2010.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFClinton_P._ConradSusan_BilekCarolina_Lithgow-Bertelloni2004" class="citation journal cs1">Clinton P. Conrad; Susan Bilek; <a href="Carolina_Lithgow-Bertelloni" title="Carolina Lithgow-Bertelloni">Carolina Lithgow-Bertelloni</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613195606/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/conrad/papers/Conrad_EPSL2004.pdf">"Great earthquakes and slab pull: interaction between seismic coupling and plate-slab coupling"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. <b>218</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">109–</span>122. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004E&PSL.218..109C">2004E&PSL.218..109C</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.506.2266">10.1.1.506.2266</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2803%2900643-5">10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00643-5</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/FACULTY/conrad/papers/Conrad_EPSL2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-18</span></span>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Physical_oceanography593" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airy_wave_theory" title="Airy wave theory">Airy wave theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballantine_scale" title="Ballantine scale">Ballantine scale</a></li>

<li><a href="Modulational_instability" title="Modulational instability">Benjamin–Feir instability</a></li>

<li><a href="Boussinesq_approximation_(water_waves)" title="Boussinesq approximation (water waves)">Boussinesq approximation</a></li>

<li><a href="Breaking_wave" title="Breaking wave">Breaking wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Clapotis" title="Clapotis">Clapotis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cnoidal_wave" title="Cnoidal wave">Cnoidal wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross_sea" title="Cross sea">Cross sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispersion_(water_waves)" title="Dispersion (water waves)">Dispersion</a></li>

<li><a href="Equatorial_wave" title="Equatorial wave">Equatorial waves</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravity_wave" title="Gravity wave">Gravity wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Green's_law" title="Green's law">Green's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Infragravity_wave" title="Infragravity wave">Infragravity wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_wave" title="Internal wave">Internal wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Iribarren_number" title="Iribarren number">Iribarren number</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelvin_wave" title="Kelvin wave">Kelvin wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinematic_wave" title="Kinematic wave">Kinematic wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li>

<li><a href="Luke's_variational_principle" title="Luke's variational principle">Luke's variational principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Mild-slope_equation" title="Mild-slope equation">Mild-slope equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Radiation_stress" title="Radiation stress">Radiation stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">Rogue wave</a>

<ul><li><a href="Draupner_wave" title="Draupner wave">Draupner wave</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rossby_wave" title="Rossby wave">Rossby wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Rossby-gravity_waves" title="Rossby-gravity waves">Rossby-gravity waves</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_state" title="Sea state">Sea state</a></li>

<li><a href="Seiche" title="Seiche">Seiche</a></li>

<li><a href="Significant_wave_height" title="Significant wave height">Significant wave height</a></li>

<li><a href="Soliton" title="Soliton">Soliton</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokes_drift" title="Stokes drift">Stokes drift</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokes_problem" title="Stokes problem">Stokes problem</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokes_wave" title="Stokes wave">Stokes wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">Swell</a></li>

<li><a href="Trochoidal_wave" title="Trochoidal wave">Trochoidal wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a>

<ul><li><a href="Megatsunami" title="Megatsunami">megatsunami</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li>

<li><a href="Ursell_number" title="Ursell number">Ursell number</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_action_(continuum_mechanics)" title="Wave action (continuum mechanics)">Wave action</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_height" title="Wave height">Wave height</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_nonlinearity" title="Wave nonlinearity">Wave nonlinearity</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave power</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_radar" title="Wave radar">Wave radar</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_setup" title="Wave setup">Wave setup</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_turbulence" title="Wave turbulence">Wave turbulence</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave%E2%80%93current_interaction" title="Wave–current interaction">Wave–current interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Waves_and_shallow_water" title="Waves and shallow water">Waves and shallow water</a>

<ul><li><a href="One-dimensional_Saint-Venant_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="One-dimensional Saint-Venant equations">one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations</a></li>

<li><a href="Shallow_water_equations" title="Shallow water equations">shallow water equations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li>

<li><a href="Wind_setup" title="Wind setup">Wind setup</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Wind_wave_model" title="Wind wave model">model</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><br><br><br><br><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Circulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Baroclinity" title="Baroclinity">Baroclinity</a></li>

<li><a href="Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li>

<li><a href="Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li>

<li><a href="Coriolis%E2%80%93Stokes_force" title="Coriolis–Stokes force">Coriolis–Stokes force</a></li>

<li><a href="Craik%E2%80%93Leibovich_vortex_force" title="Craik–Leibovich vortex force">Craik–Leibovich vortex force</a></li>

<li><a href="Downwelling" title="Downwelling">Downwelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Ekman_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ekman_spiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekman spiral">Ekman spiral</a></li>

<li><a href="Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li>

<li><a href="El_Ni%C3%B1o%E2%80%93Southern_Oscillation" title="El Niño–Southern Oscillation">El Niño–Southern Oscillation</a></li>

<li><a href="General_circulation_model" title="General circulation model">General circulation model</a></li>

<li><a href="Geochemical_Ocean_Sections_Study" title="Geochemical Ocean Sections Study">Geochemical Ocean Sections Study</a></li>

<li><a href="Geostrophic_current" title="Geostrophic current">Geostrophic current</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Ocean_Data_Analysis_Project" title="Global Ocean Data Analysis Project">Global Ocean Data Analysis Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li>

<li><a href="Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt Current</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">Hydrothermal circulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Langmuir_circulation" title="Langmuir circulation">Langmuir circulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li>

<li><a href="Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop Current</a></li>

<li><a href="Modular_Ocean_Model" title="Modular Ocean Model">Modular Ocean Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean current</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_dynamical_thermostat" title="Ocean dynamical thermostat">Ocean dynamical thermostat</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_dynamics" title="Ocean dynamics">Ocean dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Ocean gyre</a></li>

<li><a href="Overflow_(oceanography)" title="Overflow (oceanography)">Overflow</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Ocean_Model" title="Princeton Ocean Model">Princeton Ocean Model</a></li>

<li><a href="Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsurface_ocean_current" title="Subsurface ocean current">Subsurface ocean current</a></li>

<li><a href="Sverdrup_balance" title="Sverdrup balance">Sverdrup balance</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">Thermohaline circulation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">shutdown</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">Whirlpool</a></li>

<li><a href="Wind_generated_current" title="Wind generated current">Wind generated current</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Ocean_Circulation_Experiment" title="World Ocean Circulation Experiment">World Ocean Circulation Experiment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amphidromic_point" title="Amphidromic point">Amphidromic point</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_tide" title="Earth tide">Earth tide</a></li>

<li><a href="Internal_tide" title="Internal tide">Internal tide</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunitidal_interval" title="Lunitidal interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li>

<li><a href="Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li>

<li><a href="Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li>

<li><a href="Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li>

<li><a href="Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li>

<li><a href="Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li>

<li><a href="Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li>

<li><a href="Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li>

<li><a href="Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li>

<li><a href="Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li>

<li><a href="Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li>

<li><a href="Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li>

<li><a href="Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li>

<li><a href="Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li>

<li><a href="Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br>tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li>

<li><a href="Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li>

<li><a href="Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li>

<li><a href="Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li>

<li><a href="Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li>

<li><a href="Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li>

<li><a href="Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li>

<li><a href="Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></li>

<li><a href="Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li>

<li><a href="Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li>

<li><a href="Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li>

<li><a href="Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li>

<li><a href="North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li>

<li><a href="Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li>

<li><a href="SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li>

<li><a href="OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li>

<li><a href="Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li>

<li><a href="DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Explorations</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Observations</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Reanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a>

<ul><li><a href="Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li>

<li><a href="Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li>

<li><a href="Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li>

<li><a href="Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Stratification</a></li>

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<li><a href="Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Ocean_Atlas" title="World Ocean Atlas">World Ocean Atlas</a></li></ul>

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